According to a March 12, 2018 study by Accenture, U.S. wireless carriers spent $36 million in costs for National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) reviews for small cell deployment in 2017. Based on an estimated 3,700 small cells requiring review, this amounts to $9,730 per small cell in NHPA/NEPA review costs. These are just two reviews that are required for communications infrastructure deployment across the country.