Tag: Signal

Understanding How Cell Towers Work

Those towering structures that dot our landscapes, play a crucial role in ensuring seamless wireless communication. From transmitting radio signals to our mobile devices, cell towers have a defined range that varies due to several factors. Gaining some insight into how cellular towers function can help you to better understand how you might improve signal strength on your cellular devices. 

Cell Tower Height and Structure

Cell towers are vertical structures ranging from 100 to 400 feet in height. Equipped with antennas, they transmit radio signals to mobile devices within their reach. The average maximum usable range of a cell tower is 25 miles, with some towers capable of reaching up to 45 miles. However, the effective coverage radius typically falls between 1 to 3 miles, and in urban environments, it can be as low as 0.25 to 1 mile.

Factors Influencing Cell Tower Range

  1. Spectrum:
    • Different radio frequencies impact the distance a signal can travel.
    • Higher frequencies carry signals over shorter distances, while lower frequencies provide a larger coverage range.
    • Spectrum licensing to wireless carriers influences the efficiency and reach of a cell tower’s signal.
  2. Network Capacity:
    • Wireless networks are designed to meet specific traffic demands and subscriber density.
    • Transitioning from 3G to 4G and now to 5G has led to a decrease in cell tower radius due to increased demand for high-bandwidth applications.
  3. Terrain:
    • Natural and man-made obstructions like mountains, hills, and buildings affect signal reach.
    • Flat terrains allow for longer-distance transmission, while hilly areas may limit a tower’s range to a few miles.
  4. Transmission Power:
    • The power at which a cell tower transmits signals influences its reach.
    • Lower frequency signals, like 600 MHz, cover a greater distance, while higher frequency signals, such as 2.5 GHz, have a shorter reach.

Coverage Area

A cell tower’s coverage area can range from 3 to 50 square miles. The coverage radius, typically 1 to 4 miles for 4G LTE and 5G towers, assumes a three-sided antenna array for 360-degree coverage. Higher frequency signals necessitate denser tower placement for consistent service due to their shorter reach.

To gain a deeper insight into the impact of spectrum on the range of cell towers, we can examine the reach of various frequency bands in an open environment. The following diagram illustrates the coverage radius of cell towers using low-band frequencies (600 MHz, 700 MHz, 800 MHz), mid-band frequencies (2.0 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.7 GHz), and high-band frequencies (millimeter wave / mmWave).

Source: Crown Castle

How Cellular Antennas Can Help Improve Your Signal

Cellular antennas play a pivotal role in ensuring that your mobile or fixed wireless access (FWA) modem maintains a strong and stable connection to the nearest cell tower. Understanding the mechanics of these antennas, particularly the differences between omnidirectional and directional styles, can shed light on how they contribute to optimizing signal strength.

Omnidirectional Antennas

Omnidirectional antennas are designed to broadcast and receive signals in a 360-degree pattern, creating a spherical coverage zone. These antennas are commonly used in urban areas where cell towers are spread out and can be located in various directions. The advantage of omnidirectional antennas lies in their ability to provide reliable coverage in all directions, making them suitable for scenarios where the location of the cell tower may change frequently or is not precisely known.

These antennas use a vertical radiating element and ground plane to emit and capture radio waves in all directions. The radiating element is usually a vertical rod or whip that sends and receives signals horizontally, ensuring consistent coverage across the entire circumference of the antenna.

Directional Antennas

On the other hand, directional antennas focus their signal in a specific direction, offering a more concentrated and powerful connection. These antennas are beneficial in rural or suburban areas where cell towers may be farther away or concentrated in a specific direction. By directing the signal towards the cell tower, directional antennas can effectively enhance the signal strength and quality.

Directional antennas use a reflector and director elements in addition to the radiating element. The reflector bounces signals back towards the radiating element, while the director elements focus the signal in a specific direction. This concentrated approach allows for a more robust connection over longer distances, making directional antennas ideal for improving signal strength in challenging environments.

A Move Towards Enhanced Connectivity

As we delve into the nuances of cellular technology, understanding the impact of these factors becomes imperative for optimizing coverage and enhancing connectivity. Whether utilizing omnidirectional antennas in dynamic urban landscapes or employing directional antennas to strengthen signals in rural expanses, the mechanics of these technologies underscore their vital role in maintaining a robust and reliable connection. As technology advances, our grasp of these elements will continue to evolve, propelling us toward an era of even more efficient and widespread wireless communication.

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A Comprehensive Comparison of Coaxial Cable Types

Coaxial cables are essential components of modern communication systems, providing a reliable means of transmitting signals over a variety of distances and applications. With different cable types available, each designed to suit specific needs, it’s important to understand the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of various coaxial cables. In this article, we will delve into a comparison of four popular coaxial cable types – two Radio Guide (RG) types, RG6 and RG58 – as well as two Land and Mobile Radio (LMR) types, LMR240 and LMR400.

RG6

General Specifications

  • Impedance: 75 ohms
  • Outer Diameter: Approximately 6.9 mm (0.272 inches)
  • Average Signal Loss per 20ft: 2.3dB
  • Recommended Max Cable Run: 50ft

Advantages

  • Broadband Applications: RG6 is commonly used for cable television distribution and broadband internet connections due to its relatively high bandwidth capabilities.
  • Signal Loss: With low signal loss at high frequencies, RG6 is suitable for longer cable runs without significant degradation of signal quality.
  • Economical: RG6 cables are cost-effective and widely available, making them a popular choice for residential and commercial applications.

Limitations

  • Flexibility: RG6 cables are thicker and less flexible compared to some other coaxial cables, making them less suitable for tight bends or installations in confined spaces.
  • Impedance: RG6 cables typically have a higher impedance of 75 ohms, which limits their use in applications that require the more common 50 ohms impedance.

RG58

General Specifications

  • Impedance: 50 ohms
  • Outer Diameter: Approximately 5.0 mm (0.195 inches)
  • Average Signal Loss per 20ft: 3.75dB
  • Recommended Max Cable Run: 30ft

Advantages

  • Flexibility: RG58 cables are thin, flexible, and easy to work with, making them suitable for applications that require tight bends or mobility.
  • Versatility: RG58 cables are used in a range of applications including amateur radio, Ethernet, and military applications due to their moderate performance across different frequency ranges.

Limitations

  • Signal Loss: RG58 cables exhibit higher signal loss at higher frequencies compared to other coaxial cables like RG6 and LMR types.
  • Distance: Due to their higher loss characteristics, RG58 cables are better suited for shorter cable runs.

LMR240

General Specifications

  • Impedance: 50 ohms
  • Outer Diameter: Approximately 6.1 mm (0.240 inches)
  • Average Signal Loss per 20ft: 1.9dB
  • Recommended Max Cable Run: 30ft

Advantages

  • Low Signal Loss: LMR240 cables offer lower signal loss compared to RG-type cables, making them suitable for longer cable runs and higher-frequency applications.
  • Flexibility: While not as thin as RG58, LMR240 cables strike a balance between flexibility and signal performance.

Limitations

  • Size: LMR240 cables are thicker than RG58, which may limit their use in applications where thin and lightweight cables are essential.
  • Cost: LMR240 cables can be more expensive compared to some RG-type cables due to their enhanced performance characteristics.

LMR400

General Specifications

  • Impedance: 50 ohms
  • Outer Diameter: Approximately 10.29 mm (0.405 inches)
  • Average Signal Loss per 20ft: 1dB
  • Recommended Max Cable Run: 100ft

Advantages

  • Low Signal Loss: LMR400 cables provide excellent signal transmission with very low loss, making them suitable for demanding applications and long cable runs.

Limitations

  • Rigidity: LMR400 cables are relatively rigid compared to thinner coaxial cables, which might limit their use in installations requiring flexibility or tight bends.
  • Cost: LMR400 cables are generally more expensive than many other coaxial cables due to their high performance.

Ultimately, the choice of coaxial cable depends on the specific requirements of the application. Keep in mind that these specifications are general guidelines, and the actual performance of a coaxial cable can be influenced by factors such as cable length, connectors, installation conditions, and manufacturing quality. Understanding the advantages and limitations of each coaxial cable type will help you make an informed decision based on the needs of your project.

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How to Improve Your Cellular RSSI/ RSRP: Tips and Tricks for Better Mobile Connectivity

When it comes to cellular data connectivity, good signal strength is crucial. Without a decent signal, you’re not going to get very far. Cellular signal strength and quality can vary greatly depending on your location from a cellular tower, terrain, network overloads, and other factors. Weak cellular coverage can be incredibly frustrating and cause a variety of problems, such as dropped calls, slow internet speeds, and poor call quality. If you live or work in an area with poor cellular coverage, a cellular antenna or a signal booster (also called an amplifier, a cellular booster, or a cellular repeater) may be the solution you need.

In this blog, we’ll discuss the basics of cellular coverage and how to determine a good reference signal received power (RSRP) and/or a good-received signal strength indicator (RSSI). We’ll also share a few tips and tricks about improving your RSRP and RSSI for better cellular connectivity.

First Things First: The Site Survey

It’s important to first determine how much signal you’re currently working with. This will help confirm whether you may benefit from an antenna or a cellular signal booster kit. The method in which you will test your signal strength is called a “site survey.” Instead of looking at your signal bars, a site survey digs into the cellular device’s settings to find its RSSI. Some devices may also have an RSRP value, which is found on LTE and 5G devices.

So, what’s a good RSRP or RSSI signal strength? Both RSSI and RSRP values are displayed as negative numbers. The closer this negative number is to zero, the better the signal strength. If your signal is very weak to begin with, chances are you will need both an antenna and an amplifier. This depends on where (if anywhere) you’re getting a stronger signal. For example, if you’re able to step outside and receive a stronger signal, an antenna should be sufficient. If there’s little to no improvement when you step outside, then a booster system will be necessary.

Cellular Signal Amplifiers/Boosters

A cellular signal amplifier/booster is a device that captures weak cellular signals outside of your building or vehicle, amplifies them, and then rebroadcasts the stronger signal inside. This can greatly improve device coverage in your building or vehicle. You might use a booster if you need to travel outside your current location before you start seeing any signal improvement.

Just like most things, boosters do have their limits. If you experience very weak signals (e.g., between -108dB and -120dB), it will be difficult to determine exactly how much signal improvement you’ll receive. The weaker your starting signal is — meaning where your external antenna is mounted — the less signal rebroadcast coverage area you’ll experience. In some cases, you may need to stay within a few feet of your inside antenna to receive a boosted signal.

Cellular Antennas

A cellular antenna is a device that amplifies the signal received by your cellular device, allowing you to stay connected in areas with weak coverage. These antennas can be installed on your home, office building, or vehicle. They are typically used for connecting a single cellular device with an external antenna port. Amplifier/signal booster kits will also use antennas to receive signals from cell towers, and rebroadcast them to cellular devices.

How a Signal Booster Kit or an Antenna Can Benefit Poor Signals

Both cellular antennas and signal boosters can be great solutions for those who live or work in areas with weak cellular coverage. They can improve call quality, prevent dropped calls, and increase internet speeds, making it easier to stay connected. If you’re experiencing issues with your cellular coverage and your site survey has confirmed a poor cellular signal, consider investing in a cellular antenna or a signal booster. These devices can significantly affect your ability to stay connected and are cost-effective solutions for those living or working in areas with poor coverage.

Amplifier System or Antenna: How to Choose

How do you know which solution is best for you? We suggest verifying where you have the best signal strength and bandwidth speeds. If that location is under 100 feet, then a cellular antenna should be a sufficient solution. In the event that the better signal is over 100 feet away, you will likely need an amplifier.

If you have only one device, go with a direct-connect booster. For more than one device, a repeater kit will be capable of boosting the signal wirelessly to multiple devices at the same time. An important fact to note about antennas is that you will want to keep the cable length to a minimum. This is because the longer the cable, the more signal you will lose.

5Gstore has a variety of cellular antennas and all-in-one amplifier kits from well-respected manufacturers like SureCall, Panorama, weBoost, Wilson, and others. These products are available in many different price points for building, vehicle, or M2M/IoT use. These systems can also be tailored to your specific mounting needs, such as pole mount, magnetic mount on cars or RVs, or wall mount.

Need Help? 5Gstore Can Help!

Still not sure what you need to improve your cellular signals? Have more questions about repeaters and/or antennas? Check out our repeater FAQ page and learn more about how to find a matching antenna on our website.

You can also check in directly with the experts at 5Gstore.com. We’re available Monday through Friday 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. CST via phone, email, or chat.

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Boosting Cellular Connection Speeds: How Antennas Can Help Improve Bandwidth

As more of our lives depend on technology and the Internet, it’s important that we have a fast and reliable connection. For wired Internet services, that might not be such a problem. What if you’re relying on mobile broadband Internet service? With the advent of 5G technology, cellular networks have become even faster, offering lightning-fast download and upload speeds to users. However, there are still many areas where cellular connectivity is weak, and users struggle to get high-speed internet.

In order for the cellular service to provide an adequate connection, the cellular device must have a decent signal. There may be good bandwidth speeds too, but both cellular signal strength and bandwidth speeds are quite variable. This is due to differences in things like environment and the frequency in which the cellular connection is broadcasting. So, we recommend users perform a site survey at their location to help determine if an antenna may help. Of course, in some cases users may opt instead for a wireless signal repeater/booster. These come as kits that are made for boosting signals to multiple cellular devices simultaneously.  

An antenna is a device that is designed to transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. In the context of cellular networks, antennas are used to capture signals from nearby cell towers and transmit them to the user’s device. They also send signals from the user’s device back to the cell tower. By using a high-quality antenna, users can improve their signal strength and achieve higher speeds. Want to see how it works? Check out our video below. 

What Affects Cellular Performance?

In cellular networks, the antenna is a critical component that determines not only the signal strength, but coverage area and data rate of the wireless link. The signal strength is a measure of the power of the received signal at the receiver’s antenna. The coverage area is the region around the cell tower where the signal strength is sufficient to maintain a reliable connection with the user’s device. The data rate is the maximum achievable speed of data transfer between the user’s device and the cell tower.

Several factors affect the performance of the antenna in cellular networks. One of the primary factors is the distance between the user’s device and the cell tower. The farther away the user’s device is from the cell tower, the weaker the signal strength, and the lower the data rate. This is because the electromagnetic waves from the cell tower follow an inverse-square law, which means that the power of the signal decreases with the square of the distance from the source.

Another factor that affects the antenna’s performance is the obstructions between the user’s device and the cell tower. Obstructions can be natural, such as trees, hills, and mountains, or artificial, such as buildings, walls, and vehicles. Obstructions can cause attenuation, reflection, and scattering of the electromagnetic waves, leading to a decrease in signal strength and data rate.

Interference is another factor that affects the performance of the antenna in cellular networks. It can be caused by other wireless devices operating in the same frequency band or by noise sources such as motors, generators, and power lines. Degradation in the the signal quality, increases in the error rate, and reductions in the data rate can also be possible.

Types of Antennas

There are several types of antennas that can be used to improve cellular speeds. Each have its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Some of the most common types of antennas used in cellular networks include:

  • Omnidirectional Antennas: These are the most common type of antenna used in cellular networks. Omnidirectional antennas transmit and receive signals in all directions, making them ideal for use in areas where there are multiple cell towers or where the user’s device is moving around.
  • Directional Antennas: As the name suggests, directional antennas transmit and receive signals in a specific direction. These antennas are ideal for use in areas where there is only one cell tower or where the user’s device is stationary.
  • Yagi Antennas: Yagi antennas are a type of directional antenna that is designed to provide high gain and long-range coverage. These antennas work best where there is line of sight to the cell tower, meaning little to no obstructions in between. They are often used in more remote areas where there is a weak signal and speed.
  • Panel Antennas: Panel antennas are another type of directional antenna that is designed to provide high gain and long-range coverage. These antennas do not require line of sight and are also used in more rural areas.

What Can You Do?

To overcome challenges, and improve the performance of the antenna in cellular networks, several techniques and technologies have been developed. One of the most effective ways to improve the antenna’s performance is to use a high-quality antenna. Specifically, one that is optimized for the specific frequency band and radiation pattern. For example, some directional antennas are tuned to a specific frequency. This generally results in a higher boost than antennas with wider frequency ranges. 

Another technique to improve the antenna’s performance is to use multiple antennas in a system, known as Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). MIMO technology allows the user’s device to transmit and receive multiple data streams simultaneously using several antennas. This can increase the data rate and reliability of the wireless link. It is commonly used in modern cellular networks to achieve high-speed internet connectivity and support advanced applications. Things like video streaming, gaming, and virtual reality.

Using an antenna to improve cellular speeds is relatively easy, and most cellular modem/ routers come with external antenna ports. Users can purchase a high-quality antenna that is compatible with their device and if needed, connect it using an adapter. Once connected, the antenna will begin capturing signals from nearby cell towers. It then transmits them to the user’s device, resulting in improved connectivity. 

If you’re ready to see how an antenna can help you, check out our guide to selecting the right antenna. The 5Gstore team is also ready to assist you with any questions, Monday thru Friday. Reach us by phone, email, or chat!

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How Do I Perform a Cellular Site Survey?

When it comes to boosting cellular signal, it can be extremely helpful to perform a site survey. This is a simple cellular network strength test of signal and bandwidth.

Verifying where you have the best signal and bandwidth speeds first, will not only help determine the ideal placement for your external antenna, but that there is enough available signal to increase network performance. Even the best outdoor antenna or amplifier kit can only increase your signal if there is a signal available to draw in. On the other hand, if your signal is already strong, a signal booster might not provide enough benefit to be cost effective.

While this is mainly done for fixed applications. such as at your home or business. You may also do this if you’re traveling and planning to stay in the same location for an extended period. 

There are tools like the SureCall Site Survey kit which is made specifically for testing signal strength. However, unless you need an easy way to test multiple carrier signals, a cell phone or cellular modem can be sufficient. Cell phones will, of course, be limited to only the carrier they are linked to. Though if you have a cellular modem – Peplink, Cradlepoint, Digi, Inseego, Sierra Wireless, etc – you can test any carrier for which you have an active SIM card. 

Before you get started, it’s important you understand the data you’re looking for. RSSI, (Received Signal Strength Indicator), as well as RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power). These are both values that measure signal strength. RSRP is what you will want to refer to when looking at LTE and 5G signals. These signal values will be represented as a negative number. The closer this number is to 0, the stronger the signal strength. 

Also note the RSRQ (Received Signal Received Quality) and SINR (Signal to Noise Ratio). These values are what you’ll refer to for the signal quality of LTE and 5G connections. The SINR value will be the only value that is a positive number. Not all modems will list this value.  

Each of these values varies for different technologies and carriers as they depend on the particular abilities of the modem – essentially how well it can extract a signal. The values shown in the charts here are what we typically reference. 

We cannot guarantee a particular signal or improved performance, regardless of the signal strength and quality.  This is because of the many factors which affect signal values. Such as:

  • Distance to the cell tower.
  • Tower load.
  • Physical barriers (mountains, buildings, trains, etc).
  • Competing signals.
  • Signal from a cellular booster.
  • Weather.  

Unfortunately, there is no clear cut answer to what constitutes a successful connection. It is possible to disconnect with excellent, as well as poor values. You have to take both signal strength and signal quality into account. You could have an excellent signal, but disconnect because of poor quality. And vice versa. You may also stay connected because of good signal, but have poor bandwidth speeds because of poor signal quality. 

The variance of a signal is a significant factor in the success of a connection. Measurements of signal strength and signal quality for a specific moment do not reflect on the stability of a connection, as these values will vary as conditions change. 

Some factors, like cell tower load, can’t even be measured. You can only gain some idea as to whether or not tower load affects your connection by testing at different times of day. This allows you to find averages, but also helps to confirm if you’ll see any improvement when the tower is at full load.  

We understand that finding RSRP and RSRQ on a cell phone could be a bit tricky compared to cellular modems and routers. Some phones will only list RSRP. In the event you cannot locate these specific values from your cellular device, doing a site survey using the signal bars as a reference is fine. At a minimum, the signal bars will give you some data to compare with. It’s also best if you can perform speed tests in multiple points at the location. This can help determine if bandwidth performance improves. Especially when you’re not seeing a change in signal bars. 

To perform the site survey, try to answer the following, as best you can.

  • What is the RSRP indoors, at the location you use your device?
  • At that location, what are your speeds? You can use a site like speedtest.net to check your download and upload speeds.
  • What is the best RSRP you could find immediately outside and around the building?
  • At that location outside, what are your speed test results?
  • If the signal outside the building is not significantly better than it is inside, walk or drive in the direction of a better signal until you find a significantly better signal. At that location, what are your speedtest results?
  • What’s between you and that optimal signal? Trees? Elevation? How far away is it?  

For your reference, you can find instructions for locating your RSRP and RSRQ/ SINR on the Apple iPhone, Samsung, Google, Blackberry, and Nokia phones here.  

For different router instructions, check out our YouTube Channel.

If you have more questions, or would like assistance determining if an antenna or amplifier system can help you, reach out to our team by phone, email, or chat!

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